رائمنڊ آلچن

رائمنڊ آلچن

Raymond Allchin

رڪ سنڌي 

برطانوي آرڪيالاجي ماهر رائمنڊ آلچن سنڌو سڀيتا ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي قديم تهذيب ۽ آرڪيالاجي تي ڪافي تحقيق ڪئي ۽ ان متعلق سندس تحرير ڪيل ڪتاب ۽ مقالا تاريخ ۽ آرڪيالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪندڙن لاءِ بي بها اثاثو آهن. پاڻ 9 جولاءِ 1923ع ۾ برطانيه جي شهر هيرو ۾ جنم ورتو ۽ 4 جون 2010ع تي ڪيمبرج ۾ وفات ڪري ويو. رائمنڊ ويسٽ منسٽر ۾ 3 سال آرڪيٽيڪچر ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي. جنهن بعد کيس 1944ع ۾ انڊيا ۾ ملازمت ملي. هن هندي ۽ سنسڪرت ٻولين ۾ بي اي جي ڊگري ورتي ۽ بعد ۾ قديم تاريخ تي ڊاڪٽريٽ ڪئي. جتي سندس ملاقات برگيٽ آلچن سان ٿي. هنن ٻنهي 1951ع ۾ شادي ڪئي ۽ ساڳي شعبي ۾ گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا. رائمنڊ پي ايڇ ڊي مڪمل ٿيڻ بعد 1954ع ۾ يونيورسٽي آف لنڊن جي اسڪول آف اورينٽل اينڊ آفريڪن اسٽيڊيز ۾انڊيا جي آرڪيالاجي واري شعبي ۾ ليڪچرار مقرر ڪيو ويو. پاڻ ان عهدي تي 1959ع تائين ڪم ڪندو رهيو، بعد ۾ ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي ۾ انڊين اسٽيڊيز جو ليڪچرار مقرر ٿيو. رائمنڊ ۽ سندس گهرواري سنڌ ۽ هند ۾ ڪيترن ئي قديم ماڳن جي کوٽائي ڪرائي ۽ پٿر دور جا ڪيترائي ماڳ ڳولي لڌا. برطانيه جو هي جوڙو سنڌو سڀيتا تي وڌ کان وڌ تفصيلي تحقيق ڪندڙ ماهرن جي اڳين صف ۾ شامل رهيو آهي. پاڻ برصغير جي قديم تاريخ، اينٿروپلاجي، لکتن ۽ ٻولين تي به تحقيق ڪئي. هن قديم آثارن جي ٻين يورپي ماهرن سان گڏ 1978ع ۾ ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي ۾ انڊيا ايران ٽرسٽ جو بنياد وڌو. جنهن جو مقصد ڏکڻ ايشيا جي شاگردن کي آرڪيالاجي ۾ اعلى تعليم ۽ تحقيق لاءِ فنڊ مهيا ڪرڻ هيو. رائمنڊ قديم تهذيب تي تحقيق بعد پنهنجي زال سميت ٻين ڪيترن ئي ماهرن سان گڏ توڙي اڪيلي سر ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مقالا تحرير ڪيا.

رائمنڊ آلچن آرڪيالاجي جي شعبي ۾ وڌ کان وڌ فيلڊ ورڪ ڪندڙ ماهر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. پاڻ سنڌو ماٿري جي پراڻي پٿر دور جي تاريخ تي به ڪم ڪيو، جنهن کي اڪثر آرڪيالاجي ماهر سنڌو سڀيتا جي شهري تمدن جي پنهنجي مڙني حسناڪين سان گڏ نڪري نروار ٿيڻ تي وساري چڪا هئا. رائمنڊ آلچن 1952ع ۽ بعد ۾ ٻيهر 1957ع ۾ سنڌو ماٿري جي پراڻي ۽ نئين پٿر دور تي تحقيقات شروع ڪئي. هن آنڌرا پرديش جي آرڪيالاجي ۽ ميوزم ڊپارٽمينٽ جي تعاون ۽ فنڊنگ سان ان تحقيقات جي شروعات ڪئي. پاڻ پاڪستان ۾ 1963ع کان 1964ع تائين پروفيسر اي ايڇ داني سان شيخان ڍيري جي ماڳ تي کوجنا ڪئي، جنهن بعد هن 1967ع ۾ گجرات جي سامونڊي ڪناري تي سنڌو سڀيتا جي قديم ماڳن تي تحقيقات جو ڪم شروع ڪيو. آلچن 1977ع کان 1979ع تائين خيبر پختون خواهه صوبي ۾ بنون جي علائقي ۾ قديم ماڳن تي به کوجنا ڪئي. پشاور يونيورسٽي جي تعاون سان ٿيل هن کوجنا ۾ آلچن سان پاڪستان جا آرڪيالاجسٽ پروفيسر ايف اي دراني ۽ پروفيسر فريد خان به شريڪ هئا.

ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آرڪيالاجي تي انتهائي اهم ۽ تفيصلي تحقيق ڪرڻ تي رائمنڊ آلچن کي 1953ع ۾ رائل ايشياٽڪ سوسائٽي جو فيلو ۽ بعد ۾ 1963ع ۾ مڃتا طور ڪيمبرج جي چرچل ڪاليج جو فيلو مقرر ڪيو ويو. کيس 2007ع ۾ دکن ڪاليج پوني طرفان ڊاڪٽر آف لٽريچر جي اعزازي ڊگري به ڏني وئي. رائمنڊ آلچن 1981ع ۾ برٽش اڪيڊمي جو فيلو مقرر ڪيو ويو. جتان هن 1989ع ۾ رٽائرمينٽ حاصل ڪئي.

ڪتاب ۽ مقالا

·                     Development of Early Cultures in the Raichur District of Hyderabad. PhD Dissertation, University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. 1954

·                     Piklihal Excavations, Andhra Pradesh Archaeological Series, 1, Hyderabad, Government of Andhra Pradesh, pp xvii, 154. 1960

·                     Utnur Excavations, Andhra Pradesh Archaeological Series 5, Hyderabad, Government of Andhra Pradesh, pp 75. 1961

·                     Neolithic Cattle Keepers of South India: A study of Deccan ashmounds, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp xvi, 189. 1963

·                     Tulsi Das, Kavitavali, translated with introduction (UNESCO), London, Allen & Unwin, pp 229. 1964

·                     Tulsi Das, The petition to Ram, translation of Vinayapatrika with introduction, notes and glossary, London, Allen & Unwin, pp 365. 1966

·                     A Source-book of Indian Archaeology (with D.K. Chakrabarti), New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, Vol. 1, pp x, 354. 1979

·                     Indian Monuments through British Eyes, 1780-1980: Handlist of the exhibition in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, pp 1–18. 1982

·                     The Conservation of the Indian Heritage (with B. Allchin and B. K. Thapar, ed. and contributor), New Delhi, Cosmo Publications, pp 275. 1989

·                     The archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The emergence of cities and states, (ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, xvii-317. 1995

·                     Excavations at Malvan; report of the collaboration of the Archaeological Survey of India and Cambridge University in 1970, on the Gujarat Plain (with J. P. Joshi) New Delhi, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 92, pp vii, 117. 1995

·                     A Source-book of Indian Archaeology (with D.K. Chakrabarti), New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, Vol. 2: Settlements, Technology and Trade, pp 708. 1997

·                     South Asian archaeology, 1971-1991 : index of the proceedings of the biennal conferences of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists (formerly, Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe), (compiler). Naples: Indices, Istituto Universitario Orientale. Dipartimento di Studi Aisatici; 3, pp 109. 1997

·                     Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara: The British Library Kharosthi Fragments (with Richard Salomon and Mark Barnard), London, British Library. 1999

·                     The Ancient India and Iran Trust Library. Second, revised edition. Cambridge : Ancient India & Iran Trust Library. 2000

·                     A Source-book of Indian Archaeology (with D.K. Chakrabarti), New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, vol. 3: Prehistoric Roots of Religious Beliefs, Human Remains, The First Steps in Historical Archaeology: Sculpture, Architecture, Coins and Inscriptions. pp 291. 2003

·                     A flake tool from the Oxus’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 19, 227. 1953

·                     Rock paintings and engravings in Raichur, Hyderabad’, (with D.H. Gordon), Man, 55, 114, 97–99. 1955

·                     Stone alignments of Southern Hyderabad’, Man, 56, 133–136. 1956

·                     The Neolithic stone industry of North Karnataka region’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 19, 321–335. 1957

·                     The culture sequence of Bactria’, Antiquity, 31, 131–141. 1957

·                     Sanskrit eduka – Pali eduka’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 20, 1-4. 1957

·                     Poor men’s thalis, a Deccan potter’s technique’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 22, 250–257. 1959

·                     Upon the contextual significance of certain groups of ancient Indian signs’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 22, 548–555. 1959

·                     Ideas of history in Indian archaeological writing’, in C. Philips, ed., Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 241–259. 1961

·                     The antiquity and methods of gold mining in ancient India’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 5, 195–211. 1961

·                     The Neolithic stone industry of the Santal Parganas’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 25, 306–330. 1962

·                     A Neolithic pot from the Billa Surgam caves, Andhra Pradesh, Antiquity, 36, 302–303. 1962

·                     Painted pottery from Patapad in Andhra Pradesh, Antiquity, 36, 221–224. 1962

·                     Cattle and economy in the Neolithic of South India’, in A.E. Mourant and F.E. Zeuner, eds, Man and Cattle, London 149–155. 1963 ‘The cultural tradition of India’, The Listener, March, 25–39. 1963

·                     An inscribed weight from Mathura’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 7, 201–205. 1964

·                     Pottery and head-rests from Narasipur Sangam’, in D. Sen and A.K. Ghosh, eds, Studies in Prehistory, Robert Bruce Foote Memorial Volume, Calcutta, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 58–63. 1966

·                     The place of Tulsi Das in North Indian devotional tradition’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 123–140. 1966

·                     The social thought of Swami Vivekananda’, Swami Vivekannanda in East and West, London, Ramakrishna Vedanta Centre, 84–105. 1968

·                     Archaeology and the date of Kaniska’, in A.L. Basham, ed., Papers on the Date of Kaniska, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 4–34. 1968

·                     Explorations in districts Baroda, Broach and Surat’ (with J.P. Joshi), Indian Archaeology 1967-68 – a review, New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India, 9-13. 1968

·                     Early domestic animals in India and Pakistan’, in P.J. Ucko and G.W. Dimbleby, eds, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, London, Duckworth, 317-22. 1969

·                     Early cultivated plants in India and Pakistan’, in P.J. Ucko and G.W. Dimbleby, eds, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, London, Duckworth, 323-29. 1969

·                     Dilmun and the gulf of Cambay’, Antiquity, 43, 315-16. 1969

·                     Malvan – further light on the southern extension of the Indus Civilisation’ (with J.P. Joshi), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society¸ 1, 20-28. 1970

·                     A pottery group from Ayun, Chitral’ (in honour of Sir Harold Bailey), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 33, 1-4. 1970

·                     The attaining of the void – a review of some recent contributions in English to Virasaiva studies’, Religious Studies, 7, 339-59. 1971

·                     Malvan’ (with J.P. Joshi), in S.B. Deo, ed., Archaeological Congress and Seminar Papers, Nagpur, Nagpur University, 36-42. 1972

·                     A piece of scale armour from Shaikhan Dheri, Charsada’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2, 113-20. 1972

·                     A cruciform reliquary from Shaikhan Dheri, Charsada’, in P. Pal, ed., Aspects of Indian Art, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 15-26. 1972

·                     An inscribed reliquary from Shaikhan Dheri, in H.H. Hartel and V. Moeller, eds, Indologen-Tagung, 1971, Wiesbaden, Steiner, 265-72. 1973

·                     Problems and perspectives in South Asian archaeology’, in N. Hammond, ed., South Asian Archaeology, 1971, Park Ridge, Noyes Press, 1-11. 1973

·                     The emergence of civilisation in North India’, Encyclopedia Britannica. London, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1974

·                     Preface for reprint of Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of Mysore, 1-3. 1976

·                     Religious symbols and Indian thought’, in H.R.E. Davidson, ed., Symbols of Power, Cambridge, The Folklore Society Mistletoe Series, 1-35. 1977

·                     A modern Indian potter’s technique’, in D. Chattopadhyaya, ed., History and Society: Essays in honour of Professor Niharanjan Ray, Calcutta, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1-13. 1977

·                     Surface collections from Pushkar’, in B. Allchin, A.S. Goudie and K. Hegde, eds, The Prehistory and Palaeogeography of the Great Indian Desert, New York, Academic Press, 331-1+9. 1978

·                     Monument conservation and policy in India’, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 126, 746-65. 1978

·                     India – the ancient home of distillation?’, Man, 14, 55-63. 1979

·                     Stamped Tangas and condensers: evidence of distillation at Shaikhan Dheri’, in M. Taddei, ed., South Asian Archaeology, 1977, Naples, Istituto Universitario Orientale, 755-97. 1979

·                     A note on the "Asokan" stupas of Patan’, in A.L. Dallapiccola, ed., The Stupa, its Religious, Historical and Architectural Significance, Wiesbaden, Frantz Steiner Verlag, 147-56. 1980

·                     Textile impressions from the South Indian Iron Age’, P.E.P. Deraniyagala Commemoration Volume, Sri Lanka, 64-7. 1980

·                     Archaeological and language evidence for the movement of Indo-Aryan speaking peoples into South Asia’, J. K.R. Cama Oriental Institute, Bombay, 48, 68-102; also published in 1981, in M.S. Asimov, B.A. Litvinsky, L.I. Miroshnikov and D.S. Rayevsky, eds, Ethnic Problems of the history of Central Asia in the Early Period (2nd millennium B.C.), Moscow 336-49. 1980

·                     Preliminary report on the Bannu Basin Project (1977-79) – Introduction’, in H. Härtel (ed.), South Asian Archaeology, 1979, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 217–218. 1981

·                     Preliminary report on the excavations at Lewan (1977-78)’ (with J.R. Knox), in H. Hartel, ed., South Asian Archaeology, 1979, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 241-44. 1981

·                     The legacy of the Indus Civilisation’, in Gregory L. Posssehl, ed., Harappan Civilization, A Contemporary Perspective¸ New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 325-33. 1981

·                     Antiquity and continuity’, in P. Jayakar et al., eds, The Indian Experience, 125-29. 1981

·                     Antecedents of the Indus Civilization (10th Annual Mortimer Wheeler Archaeological Lecture)’, Bulletin of the British Academy, 66, 135-60. 1981

·                     How old is the city of Taxila?’, Antiquity, 56, 8-14. 1981

·                     The northern limits of the Harappan culture zone in the light of recent observations’, in B.B. Lal and S.P. Gupta, eds, Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, New Delhi, Books and Books, 51-4. 1984

·                     Guide to the Asokan inscriptions’ (with K.R. Norman), in B. Allchin, ed., South Asian Studies, 1, 43-50. 1985

·                     The interpretation of a seal from Chanhu-daro and its significance for the religion of the Indus Civilization, South Asian Archaeology 1983, in J. Schotsmans, J. and M. Taddei, M., eds. Naples, Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor 23: 369-84. 1985

·                     Radiocarbon dating of some early sites in North West Pakistan’ (with K.D. Thomas), South Asian Studies, 2: 37-44. 1986

·                     The aims of the Seminar’, introductory remarks, in B. Allchin, F.R. Allchin and B.K. Thapar, eds, The Conservation of the Indian heritage, New Delhi, Cosmo Publications. 1989

·                     Threats to the conservation of monuments in urban and rural settings’, in B. Allchin, F.R. Allchin and B.K. Thapar eds, The Conservation of the Indian heritage, New Delhi. 1989

·                     City and State Formation in Early Historic South Asia’, South Asian Studies 5: 1-16. 1989

·                     Indo-Aryan and Aryan: language, culture and ethnicity’. Ancient Ceylon 10:13-23. 1990

·                     Patterns of city formation in Early Historic South Asia’. South Asian Studies 6: 163-74. 1990

·                     The end of the Harappan Urban Phase and its aftermath’. Ancient Ceylon 10: 25-40. 1990

·                     An Indus ram: a hitherto unrecorded stone sculpture from the Indus Civilization’. South Asian Studies 8: 53-4. 1992

·                     Coningham R.A.E., Allchin F.R., Batt C.M. & Lucy D. Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6(1): 73–97. 1996

·                     The interface of archaeology and history’. Man and Environment 23, (1): 19–36. 1998

زال برگيٽ آلچن سان گڏ تحرير ڪيل ڪتاب

·                     Allchin, Bridget, and F. Raymond Allchin 1968. The Birth of Indian Civilization: India and Pakistan Before 500 B.C. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

·                     Allchin, Bridget, and F. Raymond Allchin 1982. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

·                     Allchin, Bridget, and F. Raymond Allchin 1997. Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Viking.

·                     Allchin, F. Raymond, and Bridget Allchin 2012. From the Oxus to Mysore in 1951: The start of a great partnership in Indian Archaeology. Kilkerran: Hardinge Simpole