جم جي شيفر

جم جي شيفر

Jim G. Shaffer

رڪ سنڌي

قديم آثارن جو آمريڪي ماهر جم جي شيفر سنڌو ماٿري جي سڀيتا جي زوال پٺيان آرين جي حملي واري مفروضي کي رد ڪندڙ ماهرن ۾ شامل رهيو آهي. آمريڪا جي ڪيس ويسٽرن رزرو يونيورسٽي Case Western Reserve University۾ اينٿروپلاجي جي ماهر جم جي شيفر جو جنم 1944ع ۾ ٿيو، پاڻ اريزونا اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي Arizona State University مان اينٿروپلاجي جي شعبي ۾ 1965ع ۾ بي اي ۽ 1967ع ۾ ايم اي جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي. جڏهن ته يونيورسٽي آف وسڪونسن ميڊسن مان ساڳي شعبي ۾ ڊاڪٽريٽ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي. ڊاڪٽريٽ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪرڻ بعد پاڻ سنڌو ماٿري جي سڀيتا تي تحقيق سان واڳيل رهيو آهي. هن کوجنا بعد اهو ثابت ڪيو ته سنڌو ماٿري جي سڀيتا تي يورپي نسل جي آرين جو ڪوبه حملو نه ٿيو هو. جم موجب سنڌو ماٿري جي سڀيتا جي ترقي يا زوال سان آرين جو ڪوبه تعلق نه رهيو آهي. نه وري آرين جي اتر اولهه انڊيا طرف ڪا لڏپلاڻ ٿي هئي.

ڪتاب ۽ مقالا

·                    Jim G. Shaffer (1984). "The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality". In John R Lukacs. The People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan and Nepal. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 77–88.

·                    Prehistoric Baluchistan: With Excavation Report on Said Qala Tepe. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corp. 1978

·                    Prehistoric Baluchistan: A Systematic Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Madison: University of Wisconsin. 1972

·                    A Honaki Phase Site on the Lower Verde River, Arizona.

·                    Jim G. Schaffer (1995). ""Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology"". In Ed. George Erdosy. Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia. ISBN 3-11-014447-6.

·                    Jim G. Schaffer (1999). "Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology". In Bronkhorst; Deshpande. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. ISBN 1-888789-04-2.

·                    Jim G. Schaffer (1993). "Reurbanization: The Eastern Punjab and Beyond". In H. Spodek; D.M. Srinivasan. Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times. Studies in the History of Art No. 31. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art. pp. 53–67.

·                    Jim G. Shaffer (1992). "The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age". In R. W. Ehrich. Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (Second ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. I:441–464, II:425–446.

·                    2013 Shaffer, J.G. and D. A. Lichtenstein. “The Harappan Diaspora.” Vedic Venues 2:248-268.

·                    1986 Shaffer, J.G. "The Archaeology of Baluchistan: A Review." Newsletter of Baluchistan
Studies 3(Summer 1986):63-111.

·                    1978 Shaffer, J.G. and Suraj Bhan. "New Discoveries in Northern Haryana." Man and
Environment 2:59-68.

·                    1978 Shaffer, J.G. "West Asia - India Interaction: Some Comments." Man and Environment 2:91- 94

·                    1978 Shaffer, J.G. Comment on P.L. Kohl's "The Balance of Trade in Southwest Asia in the Mid-3rd Millennium B.C." Current Anthropology 19(3):483-484.

·                    1977 Shaffer, J.G. and D.K. Chakrabarti. "Prehistoric Chronology and Radiocarbon Dating in India: A Review Article." The Indian Historical Review 3:391-401.

·                    1974 Shaffer, J.G. "The Prehistory of Baluchistan: Some Interpretative Problems." C.S. Chard Festschrift, (Ed.). Arctic Anthropology 11(Supplement: Festschrift Issue in Honor of Chester S. Chard):224-235.

Book Chapters

·                     2014 Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. “Settlement Dynamics in Ancient India: Continuity vs. Discontinuity. In The Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization: A Reappraisal. N. Rao. (Ed.). D.K. Printworld Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 549-564.

·                     2013 Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. “South Asian Archaeology: Late Prehistoric Cultural Continuity or Discontinuity. In Perspectives on the Origins of Indian Civilization. A. Marcantoniio and G.N. Jha (Eds.). D.K. Printworld Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 232-258.

·                     2011 Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. “South Asian Archaeology: New Insights on Indigenous Cultural Continuity. In How Deep are the Roots of Indian Civilization? An
Archeological and Historical Perspective. Draupadi Trust, New Delhi, pp. 161-171.

·                     2005 Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. “South Asian Archaeology and the Myth of IndoAryan Invasions.” In The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian
History. E.F. Bryant and L.L. Patton (Eds.). Routledge, New York and London, pp. 75- 104.

·                     1999 Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. "Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology." In Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Evidence, Interpretation, and
Ideology. J. Bronkhorst and M. M. Deshpande, (Eds.). Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora. Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University 3: 239-260.

·                     1995 Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. "The Cultural Tradition and Paleoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology." In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material
Culture and Ethnicity. G. Erdosy, (Ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 126-154.

·                     1993 Shaffer, J.G. "Reurbanization: The Eastern Punjab and Beyond." In Urban Form and
Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times.
Studies in the History of Art No. 31. H. Spodek and D.M. Srinivasan, (Eds.). Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, pp. 53-67.

·                     1992 Shaffer, J.G. "The Indus Valley Tradition." In Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Pakistan Archaeology. F.A. Durrani, (Ed.). Peshawar: University of Peshawar Press.

·                     1992 Shaffer, J.G. "Pre-Indus and Early Indus Bronze Age Cultures of Pakistan and India." In
A History of Civilizations of Central Asia. A.H. Dani and P. Okladnikov, (Eds.). Paris: UNESCO. 1:247-282.

·                     1992 Shaffer, J.G. "The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age." In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology. Second Edition. R.W. Ehrich, (Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. I:441-464, II:425-446.

·                     1989 Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. "Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition." In Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia. Wisconsin Archaeological Reports No. 2. J. M. Kenoyer, (Ed.). Department of Anthropology, Madison: University of Wisconsin, pp. 117-126.

·                     1988 Shaffer, J.G. "One Hump or Two: The Impact of the Camel on Harappan Society." In
Orientalia Iosephi Tucci Memoriae Dicata. E. Curaverunt, G. Gnoli and L. Lanciotti, (Eds.). Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 3:1315-1328.

·                     1988 Shaffer, J.G. "Baluchistan-Archaeology." In Encyclopedia Iranica. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 3:632-633.

·                     1986 Shaffer, J.G. "Indus Valley Civilization." In Funk and Wagnall's New Encyclopedia. New York: Funk and Wagnall's. 2:76.

·                     1986 Shaffer, J.G. "Mohenjo-Daro." In Funk and Wagnall's New Encyclopedia. New York: Funk and Wagnall's. 17:437.

·                     1986 Shaffer, J.G. "Cultural Development in the Eastern Punjab." In Studies in the
Archaeology of India and Pakistan. J. Jacobsen, (Ed.). New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., pp. 195- 235.

·                     1984 Shaffer, J.G. "The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality." In
People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Nepal and Pakistan. J.R. Lukacs, (Ed.). New York: Plenum Press, pp. 77-90.

·                     1982 Shaffer, J.G. "Harappan Commerce: An Alternative Perspective." In Anthropology in
Pakistan. L. Flam and S. Pastner, (Eds.). South Asia Occasional Papers and Theses, No. 8. South Asia Program. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. Reprinted in 1985, pp. 166-210.

·                     1982 Shaffer, J.G. "Harappan Culture: A Reconsideration." In The Harappan Civilization: A
Contemporary Perspective. G.L. Possehl, (Ed.). American Institute of Indian Studies. New Delhi: Oxford and I.B.H. Publishers. Reprinted in 1993, pp. 41-50.

·                     1981 Shaffer, J.G. "The Protohistoric Period in the Eastern Punjab: A Preliminary Assessment." In Indus Civilization - New Perspectives. A.H. Dani, (Ed.). Center for the Study of the Civilization of Central Asia. Islamabad, Pakistan: Quaid-i-Azam University, pp. 65-102.

·                     1979 Shaffer, J.G. "The Indus Civilization: New Evidence from Pakistan." In Essays in Indian
Protohistory. D.P. Agrawal and D.K. Chakrabarti, (Eds.). Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corp., pp. 17-29.

·                     1976 Shaffer, J.G. and M.A. Hoffman. "The Harappan Settlement at Allahdino: Analyzing the Sociology of an Archaeological Site." In Ecological Backgrounds of South Asian
Prehistory. K.A.R. Kennedy and G.L. Possehl, (Eds.). South Asian Occasional Papers and Theses, No. 4. Ithaca: Cornell University, pp. 94-117.

·                     1974 Allahdino and the Mature Harappan: A Preliminary Report on the Cultural Stratigraphy. Submitted to Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan.